Evolving Career Opportunities: Focus on Biological Technologies

Ann Nakaska BA, MEd

Analyze your way to Your Future Career Success /Career Decision Making and Career Planning Specialist / Positive Career Futurist at Constructive Career and Life Designs

June 18, 2025

This article is a summary of my presentation at the NCDA 2025 conference. For those who have read the CANNEXUS article or attended my CANNEXUS presentation this contains the same information plus additional information on the different types of biotechnologies plus references for all the information contained in these two articles.

When we think of technologies of the fourth industrial revolution, we tend to think about artificial intelligence, the internet of things and big data. This article, however, will explore the lesser-known biological technologies, which include the fascinating areas of bioprinting, neurotechnology, synthetic biology or biotechnology, and genetics. As I like to cover a wide variety of career opportunities of the future, at the end of this article, we’ll also look at some other industry trends in the workplace to demonstrate that future opportunities go beyond just technology. What we want to think about is how all these technologies and trends are shaping our world of work, how they will impact different industries, and what skills clients will need to stay current.

For those of you who are unfamiliar with my work, I started my work about five to six years ago when I was concerned about robots and automation taking all the jobs. I started to investigate how much work was going to be available. I was very interested to learn that while some industries will shrink, others will grow. There will be a lot of work, but maybe not where we think it will be. You will discover from the presentation that I did at NCDA and from my articles that what I present is just a very small sample of the amazing work that is being done around the world. There is so much work to be done in biotechnology and other areas. Let’s get started.

William Bridges, in his book Jobshift, stated, “We will all have to learn new ways to work. While in some cases the new ways of working will require new technological skills, in many more cases they will require something more fundamental. The skill of finding and doing work in a world without clear cut and stable jobs. Today’s workers need to forget jobs completely (and that is not literally but figuratively) and look instead for work that needs doing and then set themselves up as the best way to get that work done.” To succeed in the future, our clients will need to know how to look for opportunities.

First let’s examine what I mean when I refer to the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). For those of you who are not familiar with the term or what it entails, I like to share this definition because it helps us categorize the different technologies impacting the workplace. The 4IR has been described as the intersection of the digital, physical, and biological worlds. The digital technologies include artificial intelligence (AI), the internet of things, big data, blockchain, cloud computing, augmented reality (AR), and virtual reality (VR). In the physical technologies, we have advanced robotics, autonomous vehicles, which include drones, and 3D printing. In the biological technologies that we'll be focusing on in this article, we're looking at bioprinting, neurotechnology, synthetic biology (or what is known as biotechnology), and genetics.

Bioprinting

We’re going to start with a look at bioprinting. First, it's important to keep in mind that every single one of these technologies is an industry in and of itself. For example, we can look at the size of the bioprinting market. In 2022, it was US$2.0 billion. It is experiencing an annual growth rate of roughly 12.5%, which is a very robust industry growth rate, and the market share by 2030 is expected to be US$5.3 billion. So just in bioprinting alone, we see huge growth as an industry that will more than double from 2022 to 2030.

Six years ago, I investigated five research facilities that were heavily focused on bioprinting. I wanted to circle back to what is happening today in those five institutions.

The first is Swansea University and their work with the Scar Free Foundation. Swansea is doing a lot of work around 3D bio printed facial cartilage. It is used for ears and noses instead of doing reconstructive surgery. Their work, together with the Scar Free Foundation, is focused on solving the mysteries of why some people scar and others don't.

The University of Nottingham, the Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, and the Additive Biofabrication Laboratory are working on creating intestinal tissue. This is a future cell-based therapy, or living plaster, to be used in the inner lining of the large intestine. For example, for somebody with early-stage inflammatory bowel disease, the diseased tissue would be replaced with this living plaster to support the living tissue, thereby reducing function loss.

The Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine is one of the original researchers in this field and is also one of the largest. They have a team of roughly 400 people working on 40 replacement organs and tissues, and they're collaborating with over 400 institutes worldwide. They really are game changers in this field of bioprinting. Their work includes bioprinting flat structures, tubular tissues, hollow organs, and solid organs. They have five applications of cell tissue therapy technologies. Examples of their work include bioprinting skin, urethras, cartilage, bladders, muscle, kidney, and vaginal organs, all successfully used in human patients.

The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has not been doing a lot of work in this area in the past five to six years. But I wanted to touch on them anyway because I think it's important to see what they are doing and where they're taking some of their work. They are most noted for bioprinting living blood vessels, and they are expanding medical research by combining computer modeling and bioprinting to examine cancer-spread in blood vessels.

Lastly, we should look at the ETH Zurich public research university. They are bioprinting bone organoids in hopes of understanding human bone pathophysiology. They're also printing cartilage for ears and noses.

I don't often talk specifically about careers or jobs of the future but rather focus on the general work being done, because it is hard to estimate how many jobs may be lost or created. But for those of you who are not sure about what career opportunities exist in this research and the work that I discuss here, let's look at some specific careers in the bioprinting field.

Bioprinting is an area that needs cell biologists, biomaterial scientists, engineers, clinicians, cell therapists, drug researchers, and technicians for tissue engineering, biomanufacturing, nanotechnology, gene editing, and 3D printing.

While I’ve highlighted some research facilities that are doing bioprinting with human organic material, I wanted to find out if industry is also doing bioprinting with veterinarian applications. The answer is yes; they are. Some examples are orthotics for joint stability, prosthetics for broken beaks and shells, and implants for large cranioplasty.

Neurotechnology

Neurotechnology is the combination of neuroscience, computer science, and medical technology. An example is an FDA-approved wearable glove that helps stroke victims with rehabilitation. There are multiple suppliers for this glove. People slide the glove on, and it then aids them with physical therapy, helping people to move their hands.

Another area of neurotechnology is biometric products. Companies like MegaMatcher do voice, palm print, iris, and fingerprint recognition.

Neurotechnology can be divided into three categories:

· neuromodulation, which stimulates nerve system structures to influence new activity

· neuroprostheses to replace or restore sensory motor or cognitive functions

· brain machine interfaces, which includes all communication between the brain and external devices

The Mayo Clinic is using neural modulation to alter pain signaling by implanting technological devices into the spinal cord. These devices help with chronic back pain, and they are designed to provide spinal cord stimulation. They've been using this technology for around 50 years. But what we also know is that over this time, technology has been continually improving, offering career opportunities in improving technologies.

The second neurotechnology category we will explore is neuroprostheses. An example is the work of professor Stanisa Raspopovic at the ETH Zurich neuroengineering lab. They’re creating prosthetics that send electrical impulses to stimulate the nervous system and communicate with the wearer’s brain. For example, this can provide a lower-limb amputee with more efficient walking and improved stability over uneven terrain, such as cobblestones. Brain–machine interfaces include work like that of Looxid Labs in South Korea, which has developed an AI-driven VR headset to detect cognitive impairment through analysis of the user’s biosignals. This device is helping older adults use gaming to improve their cognitive health. They put on VR headsets and when they partake in different activities, they get feedback on what is happening. This biofeedback helps them better understand what is happening with their own cognitive health.

Another area of brain–machine interface enables people with paralysis to type on computer screens or manipulate robotic prosthesis just by thinking about moving their own bodies. While this area has been around for several years, it is an area that's growing. Most of us are also familiar with Neuralink brain implants being developed by Elon Musk.

Synthetic Biology or Biotechnology

The third area of biological technologies is biotechnology, or biotech, and we could spend a whole day talking about just biotech and how it is being used. The biotech market in 2024 was a US$1.76 billion industry and is expected to grow to $3.88 billion by 2030.

What exactly is synthetic biology or biotech? It is described as the multidisciplinary field of “science focused on designing, constructing, and manipulating biological systems and organisms using engineering principles.” Biotechnology is on its third generation:

· First generation of biotechnology was domestication and breeding.

· Second generation was gene editing.

· Third generation is synthetic biology, or what we refer to as biotech.

Who are some of the top companies involved in synthetic biology? Biogen, Moderna, Illumina and Bluebird Bio are four companies working in this field.

What are some examples of biotech and their applications? Biotech is being used to create artificial spider silk, biofuels, biosensors, biological computers, synthetic vaccines, gene therapy, and synthetic foods.

While doing my research on biotech, I looked for ways that people are classifying biotech to help us better understand it. Built In Newsletter described a method for organizing biotech using colour codes:

· Red biotech is medical.

· Yellow biotech is food.

· White biotech is industrial.

· Green biotech is gene modification.

· Gray biotech is environmental.

· Blue biotech is marine.

Let’s look at some examples for each of these. One of the companies doing work in red biotech is Amgen. They are a leader in medicines for fighting cancer, heart disease, osteoporosis, and more. They are one of the largest biotech companies in the world and, just to give you an idea of their size, they’re investing $1 billion in a new North Carolina manufacturing facility.

How will this translate into career opportunities? Like in any other industry, there are careers in marketing, sales, audit, research, accounting, and law. I think it's important to point out that there are a lot of non-technological careers in these fields because we think that only people with STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) interests will be working in these technological fields.

Another company doing incredible work in this area is RedC Biotech. They have created high-quality synchronized cultures of red blood cells using state-of-the-art materials, including stem cells. This could solve the world blood supply shortage.

An example of yellow biotechnology is Ento industries in Singapore. They are using black flies to consume organic waste and then turn the waste from the flies into rich natural fertilizer for farms.

Volare Is a Finnish company that is building a $26 million insect protein facility in Finland. They are creating the most efficient protein production plant in the world.

An example of white biotechnology is a company called Zilor. This is a company in South America that is creating biofuels, mainly ethanol, using sugar cane. Why? Because it is one of the world's cleanest fuels, reducing CO2 emissions by 90%.

Another company doing work in the white biotech area is Modern Meadows. This company has created a high-performance animal-free material, INNOVERA, from plant proteins, biopolymers, and recycled rubber. It looks and feels just like real leather, and their products are being used in the fashion, automotive, furniture, and footwear industries.

For green biotechnology, we examine companies that are using biotech to replace plastics. Some examples are the University of Bath using sugar and CO2, Aalto University out of Finland using rice, and a Mexican company called Biofase that converts 15,000 tons of avocado into bioplastics every day. Bioplastics is expected to be US$5.8 billion industry. In fact, the whole area of materials, as an industry, is growing.

Another area of biotechnology that will be of interest to career practitioners is a report from the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) that reports a major shortage of skilled plant breeders. The issue is that worldwide, plant breeders are retiring, and younger generations are looking at working in other areas of plant science, including molecular biology. This situation could lead to dire consequences for world food security.

Lastly, before we leave green biotechnology, let’s look at work being done at Yonsei University where researchers are implanting meat into rice, creating a super nutritious food. This food could feed millions at a fraction of the cost of pure meat by being cheaper to buy and more environmentally responsible.

For grey biotechnology, one example is BacTech Environmental. This is a Canadian company liberating billions of dollars of battery metals from tailings at Sudbury mines. They are using bioleaching, which uses microorganisms to oxidize metal compounds from tailings for recovery. This reduces the environmental impact of metal extraction, thus making this a huge win-win. They make money by collecting the metals from the tailings while cleaning up the water and the environment.

Other work being done in grey biotechnology is the use of biosensors to detect toxins in the environment. An article in Science Digest suggests that bioluminescent bacteria could be used in biosensors. Sensors could be used to detect microplastics as well as other toxins. The advantage is an improvement of monitoring water quality.

In blue biotechnology, Ireland is doing a lot of research in this area and they're using seaweed for multiple research projects and startups.

Another company using seaweed in their research is Australian company, Marinova. They were listed as the top marine biotech company in 2024 and were shortlisted for the 2025 Pure Beauty Global Awards. They research, develop and manufacture products using the compounds found in fucoid, a type of seaweed. These fucoidan extracts can help with UV protection, have anti-inflammatory qualities, can act as an antifungal, and have wound healing properties. They have been found to greatly enhance skin health and reduce the side effects of chemotherapy, assisting in treating cancer. Fucoid have been found to reduce inflammation of the gut and in osteoarthritis.

As for other types of biotech, I think it's important to discuss them because they are a little outside the usual biotech categories. Gold biotech is computing for biotech. It uses data analytics and computing models to predict and enable biotech production. Violet biotech is biotech ethics, the handling of compliance legality and ethical biotech concerns. Lastly, we have dark biotech, which includes biotech weapons. This refers to the creation of weapons through chemical manipulation or other biotech methods. There are also This opens career opportunities for people who want to fight against the use of dark biotech.

To give you an idea of where clients might study some of these areas of biotech, here are some of the top schools for biomedical ethics: the University of Toronto, Harvard University, University of Pennsylvania, John Hopkins University, and the University of Oxford.

Genetics

Lastly, we look at the area of genetics, and again we are touching on a very small sample of the work being done within each of these biological technologies. One of the topics that I came across was biobanks. I had never heard of biobanks before, yet there are 392 in the world, with the largest being the UK Biobank. The UK Biobank is a large-scale biomedical database and research resource. It was started in 2006 for the purpose of collecting biological and medical data for international research. The UK Biobank contains blood, urine, and saliva samples, as well as detailed lifestyle information. This information was collected from half a million UK participants, and the UK Biobank has been following these participants since inception.

Some of the UK Biobank research includes the impact on the brain due to COVID-19 using MRI scans, predicting Parkinson's disease earlier, and the impact of diabetes on the heart. An example of Canadian research is a study done between the UK Biobank and the University of British Columbia. This research project demonstrated that increased HDL cholesterol shows higher survival rates from sepsis.

Examples of careers at the UK Biobank are cloud security engineers, health research team leaders, quality officer, and laboratory supervisor.

Yeates, Zwick and Mikheyer discuss the concept of museums being rich biobanks. This area of genetics using museum samples, which contain a rich source of DNA material, is creating a growing field of genomics called museomics. When we look worldwide, museums could contain as many as three billion biological specimens that could be analyzed using new genetic procedures and technologies. This opens the field of archaeology and other areas of study and provides the opportunity to dig deeper into our pasts.

An example is a story from Pompeii. Due to new testing, we are questioning what we thought we knew. A very famous story of an adult and child who were encased in lava led archeologists to believe this to be an example of a mother protecting her child. Genetic testing has uncovered that the adult in this case was, in fact, a man and he was not related to the child. This story may have been one of an altruistic act between a stranger, or perhaps a neighbor, and child.

Other Trends and Career Opportunities

While we talk a lot about the 4IR technologies, the reality is that there are also industry technologies that are changing, growing, and impacting every industry. For example, in the health industry, BiVACOR has developed a bionic heart that outlasts previous versions of the device, keeping people alive much longer while they wait for a heart transplant.

Let’s talk about other trends. Health care, in general, is expected to grow by 30% to the end of 2030. It is one of the largest growth industries, and the 4IR technologies are going to be impacting it in a big way, including AI, drones, robotics, bioprinting, and big data.

On top of that, we have an aging demographic worldwide, and the demand for health care workers to help with senior care is just exploding in countries like South Korea and Japan. These two countries are struggling with declining growth rates amongst the younger generations. There are simply not enough young people to take care of their seniors. This shrinking demographic is pushing the demand for robotics use in health care.

Other trends in health care include increased use of telehealth and an increased need for nurse practitioners. We have the increased demand for home health care providers within North America as seniors want to stay in their homes as long as possible. This trend is also increasing the use and need of in-home robots in senior care. Add in an increased need in rural health care and this all translates to a growing field and a wide variety of career opportunities within the health care industry.

Recently another area of industry growth was identified. The UNESCO global report on teachers was released, and I was absolutely blown away by the results. It also emphasizes that not all jobs in the future are going to be technology related. The UNESCO report on teachers stated that we would require 44 million additional teachers by 2030 to meet world educational needs.

As a comparison, when I researched the need for cybersecurity analysts six years ago, I found that the number we needed was one million. I thought that that was a high demand field and now six years later, I find we will need four million cyber security analysts worldwide. That number doesn't include instructors or managers for these analysts. But compared to the demand for 44 million additional teachers, a number that does not include the demand for teaching instructors, this is an area that offers lots of career opportunities for those with strong people skills.

One trend that I often discuss along with 4IR technologies is the growing demand for power and energy. All these 4IR technologies consume huge amounts of energy. An example I've often used is that Bitcoin alone consumes 0.5% of the world’s energy, more than Argentina. Take a moment to really think about that. Think about this huge power consumption. And then we are adding electric vehicles as well. That means new projects and new construction of energy facilities. It also means the chance to develop more efficient sources of energy, technology that consumes less energy, better battery storage, and better battery recycling, all creating lots of work opportunities moving forward.

Which brings us to companies like Gravicity, which created the Gravistore Commercial Demonstrator. It is a gravity energy storage system, developing new ways to create energy.

Or like Axpo, Switzerland and the Limmern Pumped Storage Power Plant in the mountains of Switzerland. When energy is abundantly available at the hydropower plant, such as during the spring melt, energy is used to pump water back up to the reservoir. This water can then be released again for energy production when demand it high. I can see more construction projects like this one happening to help create a more efficient energy future.

Then we have projects like the Moss Landing Energy Storage Facility. This is the world's largest lithium-ion battery energy storage system. It is used to store extra energy from solar farms. It’s owned by Vista Energy in Texas and is in Monterey County, California. This facility may sound familiar to you as it was in the news recently for having caught fire during the California wildfires.

Some of you may know that fires are a huge problem with lithium batteries. When there is an issue like this, I always ask myself if anybody is solving this problem. For lithium battery fires, the answer is yes. There are several companies working on this issue. Both Li-Fire and Stat-X have created lithium fire technology that helps put out a battery-caused fire in an electric vehicle. Wherever there are problems to solve, there are career opportunities. and we need to help our clients look for these opportunities.

So much is happening in the energy field that I needed to add one more example when I saw a construction video of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project. The ITER is a 35-country collaboration being built in France. I encourage you to have a look at it: it is a huge facility. While it is currently over budget and there are concerns about whether it will be completed, it demonstrates the need for international collaboration for a project this big.

Other trends we can look at specifically for Canada are resource development in the North and an increased military presence in the North. Many of you may not be familiar with the fact that Russia and Denmark have laid claims to the land under the Arctic Ocean. In conjunction with this, Russia plans to build five mega cities along their northern coast all based on resource and oil and gas development. To support these cities and move product from the Arctic Ocean, they are building a fleet of 30 ships.

While Canada is very concerned about the environment, and there has been a lot of media coverage regarding pipeline protests, there has been very little commentary at all on this Russian super-project and the impact it will have on the environment. This project is a great example of why we all need to understand what is happening worldwide and not just in our own countries. We need to understand the demand for resources and energy and recognize that we have not been a strong presence in the North. It also emphasizes why we need to have both military and industry presence. We need to ask ourselves: do we want Canadians to be developing these resources using the best environmental practices or do we want Russia producing these resources?

Another trending industry is aerospace. Morgan Stanley says aerospace will be a US$2.7 trillion industry by 2040. I think it's going to be a lot bigger than that. When I started doing this research five or six years ago, they were estimating $1.4 trillion, now we're talking $2.7 trillion. I'm going to do a quick overview since I have discussed aerospace several times. Satellites and telecom currently make up most of the aerospace industry at about 80%, but so much more is happening.

You probably haven’t heard of them, but Sierra Space is creating an expandable business space park, and in five years, it will have people commuting back and forth to work in space. What are they going to be doing? They’ll be working on space manufacturing and space pharma.

We also have space tourism, space mining, the Moon and Mars bases, and the Cornwall Spaceport. I really encourage everyone to read about the Artemis Project by NASA. This project includes the Moon and Mars bases. NASA will have Gateway, which will be like the international space station but circling the Moon instead of Earth. People will commute to Gateway then down to the Moon base or from Gateway out to Mars.

As for the Cornwall Spaceport, there are almost 70 companies working together on different aspects of the aerospace industry. In addition to all of this, there are several other countries also involved in their own aerospace work, including future Moon bases.

Another industry often connected to aerospace is the aviation industry. Airport capacity is expected to double by 2040. This will create an increased use of regional airports. In addition to this, we need to look at airport capacity, which is at 99%. Think about these numbers moving forward. We have 15 years to literally double our airport capacity worldwide. This means lots of construction worldwide and a lack of trades people. Also, the15 years does not include the time for permitting and prep work for getting all these projects started. So, more work to do on a shorter timeline.

We also have new plane designs by Otto Aviation. They've developed a small private jet that requires far less fuel than other models today. Or companies like Boom Supersonic Jets and their Overture Project. They are using new plane designs, new fuels, and new engine designs, demonstrating the work and opportunities in this industry. This means the growth of supersonic jet industry.

Another growing industry is waste management. We have too much garbage and need to do a better job of cleaning up our planet. Cement and concrete production accounts for about 9% of worldwide CO2 emissions. A company here in Calgary, Upscaling Technology, is creating low-carbon cement from industrial waste. This has two benefits: they use up industrial waste and they are creating more environmentally friendly cement.

What’s trending in the entertainment industry? We have the Sphere in Las Vegas. Watching how the Sphere was created, you learn that they’ve developed all new audio and all new lens technology for this building. This new technology will not only be used in the Sphere in Las Vegas. First, they are looking to build a few Spheres in other locations worldwide, and it is only a matter of time before this technology is adapted for use in other stadiums and conference centres around the world.

As well, look for AR and VR to be used at concerts. Pretty soon, you'll be sitting at a concert, and you'll be able to see the lyrics pop up in front of your AR glasses. It is only a matter of time until all this new technology results in updating stadiums and conference centres and adding even more work to the construction industry.

Construction, as they say, is booming. Let’s include the Canadian infrastructure report from 2019. In Canada, this report discusses the amount of infrastructure that is rated to be in very poor or poor condition and that needs to be replaced now or in the not-too-distant future.

As already discussed, there will be more airport construction. But on top of that, we can think about other municipal facilities like wastewater treatment plants also needing updating and replacing. There are 16,000 in the US alone. Locally, we can look at Canada and specifically Calgary, where we had a major water main break causing huge problems in our city. The issue? Aging infrastructure. Then add in the energy projects that I've already touched on, like powerplants and expanding the power grid. We’ve also got roads, city rail projects and some high-speed rail projects here in Canada needing updating or full-on construction.

3D printing technology is also impacting the construction industry. The UAE is talking about creating 25% of their construction using 3D printing by 2030. We will also have new technologies in construction, such as more efficient boring technology or more specialized technology like the crane used to build the Sphere in Las Vegas.

As career practitioners, it’s important to think about how we are connecting our clients to the world of work. We are the bridge from our clients to industry. We need to take our clients into the future. They cannot make good career decisions if they do not know how industry is changing.

How are you relaying this information about industry? Lately, we have not been focused on industry in the career development field. This is certainly an area that we need to look at, our knowledge of industry.

Final thoughts. Are your clients ready? Are your clients ready to face the new world of work? Are they ready to see all the career opportunities in the biological technology fields or within the many other trends that are available in the future world of work?

References:

Bridges, W. (1994). JobShift: How to prosper in a workplace without jobs. Addison-Wesley.

Bioprinting

ETH Zurich. (2015, March 9). Nose made by bioprinters. https://ethz.ch/en/news-and-events/eth-news/news/2015/03/nose-made-by-bioprinters.html

ETH Zurich. (n.d.). 3D bioprinting of bone organoids. Laboratory for Bone Biomechanics. Retrieved June 13, 2025, from https://www.bone.ethz.ch/research/multiscale-mechanobiology/3d-bioprinting-of-bone-organoids-.html

Grand View Research. (2030). 3D bioprinting market size & share analysis report. https://www.grandviewresearch.com

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. (2015, December 205)). https://www.llnl.gov/article/41816/researchers-3d-print-living-blood-vessels

Swansea Bay University Health Board. (n.d.). The Scar Free Foundation and Health and Care Research Wales launch world-leading 3-year programme of facial reconstruction research. Retrieved June 12, 2025, from https://sbuhb.nhs.wales/news/swansea-bay-health-news/the-scar-free-foundation-and-health-and-care-research-wales-launch-world-leading-3-year-programme-of-facial-reconstruction-research/

University of Nottingham. (2023, January 16). New research has ingredients for medical 3D printing success. University of Nottingham. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/news/new-research-has-ingredients-for-medical-3d-printing-success#:~:text=A%20new%20research%20project%20has,plasters'%20closer%20to%20commercial%20production

Wake Forest University School of Medicine. (n.d.). Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine (WFIRM). Retrieved June 13, 2025, from https://school.wakehealth.edu/research/institutes-and-centers/wake-forest-institute-for-regenerative-medicine

Neurotechnology

ETH Zurich. (2024, February 21). Bio-inspired neuroprosthetics: sending signals the brain can understand. https://ethz.ch/en/news-and-events/eth-news/news/2024/02/bio-inspired-neuroprosthetics-sending-signals-the-brain-can-undrestand.html

Mayo Clinic. (n.d.). Adult Pain Medicine: Neuromodulation. Retrieved June 13, 2025, from https://connect.mayoclinic.org/blog/adult-pain-medicine/tab/neuromodulation/

Neurotechnology. (n.d.). MegaMatcher SDK: Large-scale AFIS and multi-biometric identification. Retrieved June 13, 2025, from https://www.neurotechnology.com/megamatcher.html

Neuralink. (n.d.). Neuralink — Pioneering Brain Computer Interfaces. Retrieved June 13, 2025, from https://neuralink.com/

Springer Nature. (August 11, 2020). Interactive and Assistive Gloves for Post-stroke Hand Rehabilitation. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-15-5400-1_9

The Japan News. (2022, July 16). Metaverse tech brings health care to doorsteps. https://japannews.yomiuri.co.jp/world/asia-pacific/20220716-45203/

Biotechnology

Agnieszka Popenda, A, Wiśniowska, E., & Manuel, C. (2024). Biosensors in environmental analysis of microplastics and heavy metal compounds – A review on current status and challenges. 319(July) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1944398624004909

Amgen Canada. (n.d.). Homepage. Retrieved June 12, 2025, from Amgen CanadaBacTech Environmental. (2023, December 12). BacTech provides update on Sudbury pyrrhotite tailings R&D project for clean recovery of metals. https://bactechgreen.com/press-release/bactech-provides-update-on-sudbury-pyrrhotite-tailings-rd-project-for-clean-recovery-of-metals/

BBC. (2024, February 14). Scientists grow 'meaty' rice hybrid food for protein kick. https://www.bbc.com/news/health-68293149

Biofase Europa. (n.d.). Biodegradable products made from avocado. Retrieved June 12, 2025, from https://biofase.eu/en/

Biogen. (n.d.). Homepage. Retrieved June 12, 2025, from https://www.biogen.com/home.html

Bluebird Bio. (n.d.). Homepage. Retrieved June 12, 2025, from https://www.bluebirdbio.com/

Built In. (n.d.). What is biotech? Biotech definition and types of biotech. Retrieved June 12, 2025, from https://builtin.com/biotech

CSIRO. (2024, June 11). Shortage of skilled plant breeders could impact global food security. https://www.csiro.au/en/news/All/News/2024/June/Shortage-of-skilled-plant-breeders-could-impact-global-food-security

Ento Industries. (n.d.). What we do. Retrieved June 12, 2025, from https://www.redcbiotech.com/

Future Market Insights Inc. (2024, February 1). Bioplastic and Biopolymer Market: Bioplastic and biopolymer market trends– growth & forecast 2024-2034. https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/bioplastic-and-biopolymer-market

Illumina. (n.d.). Homepage. Retrieved June 12, 2025, from https://www.illumina.com/

INNOVERA. 2025). Homepage. https://innovera-world.com/

Marine Ireland Industry Nwtwork. (n.d.). Blue biotechnology. Retrieved June 12, 2025, from https://marine-ireland.ie/sectors/biotechnology

Marinova. (2025). Innovative marinebiotechnologies. https://www.marinova.com.au/

Modern Meadow. (2025). Homepage. https://www.modernmeadow.com/

Moderna. (n.d.). Homepage. Retrieved June 12, 2025, from https://www.modernatx.com/en-USRedC Biotech. (2025). Homepage. Retrieved Junee 13, 2025, from https://www.redcbiotech.com/

Scientific American. (22014, July 30). Strong, clear bioplastic containers could be made from rice. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/strong-clear-bioplastic-containers-could-be-made-from-rice/

University of Bath. (n.d.). Scientists make plastic from sugar and carbon dioxide. Retrieved June 12, 2025, from https://www.bath.ac.uk/case-studies/scientists-make-plastic-from-sugar-and-carbon-dioxide/

Volare. (n.d.). Solving the global food system. Retrieved June 13, 2025, from https://volare.fi/

Zilor. (n.d.). Homepage. Retrieved June 12, 2025, from https://www.zilor.com.br/en/

Genetics

Dutchen, S. (2024, November 7). Ancient DNA challenges stories told about Pompeii Victims. Harvard Medical School. https://hms.harvard.edu/news/ancient-dna-challenges-stories-told-about-pompeii-victims

UK Biobank. (n.d.). Homepage. Retrieved June 12, 2025, from https://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/

Yeates, D. K., Zwick, A., & Mikheyev, A. S. (2016). Museums are biobanks: Unlocking the genetic potential of the three billion specimens in the world's biological collections. Current Opinion in Insect Science, 18(December), 83–88. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/reference_list_articles_in_periodicals.html

Other Trends

Axpo. (n.d.). Limmern pumped storage power plant. Retrieved June 12, 2025, from https://www.axpo.com/ch/en/energy/generation-and-distribution/hydropower/limmern-pumped-storage-power-plant.html/

BiVACOR, Inc. (n.d.). Replacing hearts. Restoring lives. Retrieved June 12, 2025, from https://bivacor.com/

Boom Supersonic. (n.d.). –Overture: 2X faster. Retrieved June 12, 2025, from https://boomsupersonic.com/overture

Gravitricity. (n.d.). Gravitricity: Flexible, scalable, underground energy storage. Retrieved June 12, 2025, from https://gravitricity.com/

ITER Organization. (n.d.). Fusion energy. Retrieved June 12, 2025, from https://www.iter.org/

Leeson, G. (2019, May 17). Japan, South Korea face graying future. Oxford Institute of Population Ageing. https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/news/japan-south-korea-face-graying-population

Manufactur3D. (2021, August 9). By 2030, 25% of Dubai buildings will be constructed through 3D printing. https://manufactur3dmag.com/by-2030-25-of-dubai-buildings-will-be-constructed-through-3d-printing/

Sphere Entertainment Group, LLC. (2023, July 24). Sphere Entertainment unveils the most advanced concert-grade audio system in the world: Sphere immersive sound, powered by HOLOPLOT. https://www.sphereentertainmentco.com/sphere-entertainment-unveils-the-most-advanced-concert-grade-audio-system-in-the-world-sphere-immersive-sound-powered-by-holoplot/

Stat-X. (n.d.). The next generation of fire protection. Retrieved June 12, 2025, from https://www.statx.com/

UNESCO. (2024, February 26). Global report on teachers: Addressing teacher shortages and transforming the profession. https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/global-report-teachers-addressing-teacher-shortages-and-transforming-profession

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